Michael Scott Horton and Roger Williams Agree On The Idea Of Christendom

Throughout the Middle Ages, the national covenant that Israel made with God at Sinai was regularly invoked as an allegory for Christendom. Crusades against “the infidel” (often Muslims) were declared by popes with the promise of immediate entrance into paradise for martyrs. Kings fancied themselves as king David, leading the armies of the Lord in cleansing the Holy Land. The very idea of a Christian empire or a Christian nation was a serious confusion of these two cities. It was against this confusion of Christ’s kingdom with Israel’s theocracy that Luther and Calvin launched their retrieval of Augustine’s “two kingdoms.”

Michael Horton
A Tale of Two Kingdoms
http://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/tale-two-kingdoms/

Consider now the words of Roger Williams’ (he of Anabaptist fame) to the reformed Westminster Assembly:

Since the Law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ…We Querie, where you now find one footstep, print or pattern in this doctrine of the Son of God for a national holy covenant… If you repaire to Moses… we ask, are you Moses or Christ’s followers? Or do you yet expect the coming of the Son of God to set up the Christian Israel, the holy nation, the particular congregation of Christian worshippers, in all parts of the world? (1 Pet 2. Heb 12, etc) (Querie VII)

Roger Williams
“‘Queries of Highest Consideration,’ presented to the Dissenting Brethren, and the Westminster Assembly“

1.) I have been insisting for quite some time that R2K is a return to anabaptist thought. This symbiosis between Horton and Williams aids in demonstrating my contention.

2.) Horton is just wrong — seriously wrong — in his reading of Augustine’s Two Cities (kingdoms). It is amazing that a “scholar” like Horton could make this kind of mistake. He is also in error to say that Calvin and Luther were reviving his (Horton’s) misreading of Augustine’s Two Kingdoms. Another humongous error on his part.

Augustine’s two Kingdom certainly were not equal to Horton’s notions of the realm of grace and the realm of the world. Augustine’s two Kingdoms included the idea of a realm consisting of those who are animated by the spirit of Anti-Christ as that realm was juxtaposed with those, living cheek by jowl with Christ’s enemies, who instead were animated by the Spirit of Christ.

Michael Scott Horton & Cyrus Ingerson Scofield On The Imprecatory Psalms

“The imprecatory Psalms, invoking God’s judgment on enemies, are appropriate on the lips of David and the martyrs in heaven. However, they are entirely out of place on the lips of Christians today, guided as we are not by the ethics of intrusion but by the ethics of common grace.”

Michael Horton
Systematic Theology, p 961-2.

—————-
“The imprecatory Psalms are the cry of the oppressed in Israel for justice a cry appropriate and right in the early people of God, . . . but a cry unsuited for the church, a heavenly people who have taken their place with a rejected and crucified Christ.”

Scofield Reference Bible, p.599
Note on Luke 9:52 55

Now it is possible that someone, like Dr. Brian Lee, might protest that the the positions of Horton and the Scofield Bible differ significantly. Someone might note that Horton says the imprecatory psalms are appropriate on the lips of the martyrs in heaven, while Scofield says they are unsuited for a heavenly people.  However, the truth of the matter is that these quotes don’t differ in the least.

When Scofield writes “they are unsuited for a heavenly people,” one must keep in mind that in Scofieldianism the “heavenly people” stands in contrast to the “earthly people.” The difference is between the people of heaven (The Church) and the people of the earthly kingdom (Jews). With that knowledge we understand that Horton and Scofield are two choir members singing from the same sheet of music. They are saying the exact same thing.

Scofield is NOT saying that the Martyrs in heaven can not use Imprecatory praying.

Probing Rawls

John Rawls is considered by most Academicians to be the greatest Political theorists of the 20th century. Naturally, I find that to be bollix. It is likely that Rawlsian theory  somewhere along the line influenced R2K thinking because John Rawls political theory sounds like R2K minus the ham handed R2K interpreters of Rawlsian thought. You see, Rawls , in his  “Political Liberalism,” proposed a solution to this dilemma of religion in the public square that has sparked a vigorous debate among political theorists. Rawls’s proposal is a conception of public reason that allows citizens to base their political views in their religious doctrines, but insists that religious reasons are not sufficient justification for those views under some circumstances. Thus, religion can be the basis of individual political conviction, but it is excluded from the public political forum.

Here is a bit of interaction with Rawlsian political theory

“Public reason, then, requires citizens (under certain conditions to be specified later on) to seek and offer properly public justifications for their political positions — a responsibility that emerges from their commitment to the liberal principle of legitimacy. For Rawls, this minimally entails a good-faith effort to employ only principles that we believe our fellow citizens can, at least in principle, accept. We should not appeal to our own religious, moral, or philosophical worldviews (“comprehensive doctrines” in Rawls’s terminology) since in a pluralistic democracy many of our reasonable fellow citizens will not share these views. Justification in terms of any particular comprehensive doctrine therefore shows deficient respect for fellow citizens and constitutes a violation of the duty of civility. In other words, public reason only allows justification based on what we all share as reasonable citizens.”

1.) According to Rawls what standard is used to determine what is a properly public justification for a political position?

2.) How could we ever know what principles our fellow citizens find acceptable and why should the principles of our fellow citizens be the guiding principle that controls our principles?

3.) Rawls invokes his own comprehensive doctrine to make sure that no one else invokes their own comprehensive doctrine.

4.) Why would any Christian think that our responsibility unto the Rawlsian duty of civility is higher than our responsibility unto God?

5.) By what standard is “reasonable” measured in the idea of “reasonable citizen?”

Presbyterian Church of America’s Original Reason For Existence Outlined

John Edwards Richards was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). The PCA split off from a more liberal Presbyterian denomination (PCUS) in 1973.  Richards wrote a book titled. “The historical birth of the Presbyterian Church in America.” In Chapter 2 of that book titled, “Causes of Separation in 1973″ Richards listed the following realities present in the larger denomination that they were seceding from which the newly founded PCA was seeking to get away from. This is some of that list, 
 
“The Universalist, who proclaims that all men are saved. Therefore, there is a great oneness of all men because redemption is Universal.
 
The Socialist, who declares all men are equal. Therefore, there must be a great leveling of humanity and a oneness of privilege and possession.
 
The Racial Amalgamationist, who preaches that the various races should be merged into one race and differences erased into oneness.
 
The Communist, who would have one one mass of humanity coerced into oneness by a totalitarian state and guided exclusively by Marxist philosophy.
 
The Internationalist, who insists on co-existence of all peoples and nations that they be as one regardless of ideology or history.
 
The Romanist, who declares there is one true church under on Pope and all men should become one in it.
 
The Christian Organizationalist, who believes all branches of the Christian Church should be united under one ecumenical organization.
 
The Humanist, who believes that man is basically good and that he can work out his own salvation, and that he will achieve this in part through unity and oneness.
 

The Sentimentalist, who would incubate a warm feeling toward everyone without depth of perception or concern for man’s chief end.”

Clearly the Founders of the PCA were recoiling against the Unitarian sentiment that found the Mother Church they were splitting off from drifting towards the Non-Christian creed and practice of Uniformitarian oneness. I can say that these founders were prophets in seeing the threat that this drive for Uniformitarian oneness was to the Gospel and to their people they were charged to protect as under Shepherds in Jesus Christ. Today, 40 odd years later, the Unitarian impulse with its drive to amalgamate all is ubiquitous in the Modern Church and the broader culture. I would even go so far as to say that this de-facto Unitarianism is the greatest threat to the Church today in the West.An example of what Richards was seeing over 40 years ago in the Church is seen in the broader culture in this 2008 speech by then French leader Sarkozy,

“(…) the objective is to meet the challenge of “métissage” – the challenge of “métissage” that the 21st century is confronting us with. The challenge of “métissage”, France has always been familiar with it, and by meeting the challenge of “métissage” France remains faithful to her history. Moreover, it is consanguinity that has always provoked the end of civilizations and societies. In the course of centuries, France has always known “métissage”, France has always been “métissée”.France has crossbred cultures, ideas and histories. France, who was able to crossbreed these cultures and these histories, constructed a universal language, because France herself is universal in the diversity of her origins.Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the last thing: If republican will power does not function, it will be necessary for the Republic to resort to even more forcible methods.But we don’t have a choice. Diversity at the base of the country must be reflected by diversity at the head of the country.It is not a choice. It is an obligation. It is an imperative. We cannot do otherwise at the risk of finding ourselves faced with considerable problems.

We must change, so we will change.

Clearly the Unitarian impulse remains strong and as Christians we have every bit the need to resist that impulse now as Richards and the PCA in its foundation resisted then.

Richards’ book can be accessed here.

Addendum — Other quotes from John Richards, one of the Founders of the PCA.

“The vast majority of good thinking people prefer to associate with, and intermarry with, people of their respective race; this is part of the God-given inclination to honor and uphold the distinctiveness of separate races. But there are many false prophets of oneness, and many shallow stooges, who seek to force the amalgamation of the races.”

“No human can measure the anguish of personality that goes on within the children of miscegenation… Let those who would erase the racial diversity of God’s creation beware lest the consequence of their evil be visited upon their children.”

These quotes can be accessed here,

https://web.archive.org/web/20120418030847/http://www.waysidechurch.org/pcadoc.htm http://theaquilareport.com/the-fortieth-anniversary-of-journal-day-1972/ http://www.pcahistory.org/findingaids/concerned/bulletin24.pdf http://www.pcahistory.org/findingaids/concerned/bulletin20.pdf http://www.pcahistory.org/findingaids/concerned/bulletins.html http://www.zoominfo.com/p/John-Richards/3079917

Bojidar Writes That Calvin, Warfield, Owen, Dabney, etc. Should Have Received Death Penalty

Recently Bojidar Marinov has spoken

“I only said that pagan religions taught in the name of Christianity got the death penalty in the OT. And cessationism is a pagan religion taught in the name of Christianity.”

Clearly what Mr. Marinov is saying here is that if we had been operating under a Christian framework all those who taught the discontinuation of the signs and wonders gifts of the Scriptures should have been visited with the death penalty.

Here are some of those from Church History that Marinov would have had visited with capital punishment.

“[The] gift of healing, like the rest of the miracles, which the Lord willed to be brought forth for a time, has vanished away in order to make the preaching of the gospel marvelous forever… [Healing] now has nothing to do with us, to whom the administering of such powers has not been committed.”

John Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion, Bk IV:19, 18

Bojidar pronounces death upon Calvin.

 “Gifts which in their own nature exceed the whole power of all our faculties, that dispensation of the Spirit is long since ceased and where it is now pretended unto by any, it may justly be suspected as an enthusiastic delusion.”

John Owen (1616-1683)
Works IV, 518

Bojidar pronounces death on John Owen

“Sure, there is as much need of ordination now as in Christ’s time and in the time of the apostles, there being then extraordinary gifts in the church which are now ceased.”

Thomas Watson (c 1620-1686):
The Beatitudes, 140

Bojidar pronounces death on Thomas Watson

 Speaking of the “gift of tongues,” he said, “These and other gifts of prophecy, being a sign, have long since ceased and been laid aside, and we have no encouragement to expect the revival of them; but, on the contrary, are directed to call the Scriptures the more sure word of prophecy, more sure than voices from Heaven; and to them we are directed to take heed, to search them, and to hold them fast…”

Matthew Henry (1662-1714):
Preface to Vol IV of his Exposition of the OT & NT, vii

Bojidar pronounces death on Matthew Henry

Of the extraordinary gifts, they were given “in order to the founding and establishing of the church in the world. But since the canon of Scriptures has been completed, and the Christian church fully founded and established, these extraordinary gifts have ceased.”

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758):
Charity and its Fruits, 29

Jonathan Edwards

 “…the karismata, the miraculous gifts conferred on the primitive church…have long ceased…”

George Whitefield (1714-1770):
Second Letter to the Bishop of London, Works, Vol. IV, 167

Bojidar pronounces death on George Whitfield

“The miraculous gifts of the Spirit have long since been withdrawn. They were used for a temporary purpose.”

James Buchanan (1804-1870):
The Office and Work of the Holy Spirit, 34

James Buchanan

 “After the early church had been established, the same necessity for supernatural signs now no longer existed, and God, Who is never wasteful in His expedients, withdrew them…miracles, if they became ordinary, would cease to be miracles, and would be referred by men to customary law.”

Robert L. Dabney (1820-1898):
“Prelacy a Blunder,” Discussions: Evangelical and Theological, Vol. 2, 236-237

Bojidar pronounces death on R. L. Dabney

 “These gifts were…distinctively the authentication of the apostles. They were part of the credentials of the apostles as the authoritative agents of God in founding the church. Their function thus confirmed them distinctively to the apostolic church and they necessarily passed away with it.”

Benjamin B. Warfield (1851-1921)
Counterfeit Miracles, 6

Either Mr. Marinov, according to his own words, believed these men should have received the death penalty or else he is just plain ignorant.

You decide.

Hat Tip — Clive Sanguis